The decision they made wasn't a precedent, they allowed it as a case-by-case basis. So Biden wouldn't be able to point to Trump and say "he did it! So it's legal!".
Maalus
An assassination isn't "an official act", plain and simple. The Supreme Court ruled on one specific case. They allowed it then. A different case could be ruled illegal. Which it would 100% be done, be it a republican court, a democratic court, or some magical unbiased one from fairy land.
The Supreme Court does, they just said that
Not true, the Supreme Court decides it on a case by case basis. And murder of a political opponent would land Biden in jail faster than you can say "one Missisipi". And rightfully so. That's why he didn't do anything of the sort - because he is not a criminal.
No it isn't and it never was.
It's standard in any command structure. Be it military or civillian shipping or something. You maybe can voice an opinion, but you are expected to do what is asked anyway.
It's not that the position doesn't have a leg to stand on. Defense lawyers will defend guilty people too and they will get them the best deal possible, and even let them walk if that's what they can do. Grab a room of people who aren't defense attorneys, and nobody would do it.
Also IIRC it was said in the episodes that it needs to be a high ranking officer. Hence Riker and Picard. There was a huge conflict of interest, but duty goes first.
Imagine losing your job because a drug test found it.
The one with the best opening song
Abandonned property can be taken and used. It was thought that whoever was the "owner" of Data died in the crystaline entity incident.
As for enlistment - Data could learn what he needed to probably in a day. He was a huge asset and denying him entry would be a detriment to Starfleet, even if he was a "thing". I don't see enlisting as something that would only be offered to humans / not things, we see a ship "enlist" in Discovery for instance.
Kscar