Firefox

It felt like it happened practically overnight when Let's Encrypt released.

HTTPS is pretty much ubiquitous these days. It's mostly an issue on a few smaller websites and blogs that people haven't cared enough about to bother getting a cert for... But even that is rapidly going away. Even if a website has HTTPS, it's not entirely uncommon for some resources to be loaded over regular HTTP, and sometimes websites don't properly redirect you to the HTTPS version, making it possible to end up on the unencrypted version by accident.

HTTPS is great, and Let's Encrypt has been such a godsend for it... That said it's not perfect, and also has some limitations on its own, and not every website implements all of the mitigations that help HTTPS do its job, so HTTPS adoption is a bit of a mixed bag. A big issue is that when you try to secure a previously insecure protocol this often makes downgrade attacks possible. For instance, if you just type "lemmy.world" into your web browser, and if somebody is able to intercept those packets, they could just reply "hey, I'm the lemmy.world, I don't do HTTPS, let's talk unencrypted" and your browser would have no idea that it should be talking HTTPS instead of HTTP. One way to avoid this problem is just by explicitly telling your browser to use HTTPS by going to "https://lemmy.world", which tells it to talk over HTTPS, and in that case the man-in-the-middle wouldn't be able to tell you to use HTTP instead and won't be able to provide a valid certificate for lemmy.world (hopefully, anyway :P). This is also what HSTS is used for... It's a header that the webserver sends to your browser saying "only talk to me with HTTPS", so once you've visited a site your browser will remember that it should only use HTTPS with it in the future. This only applies to websites which you've visited before, though... To improve the protections a little bit there's HSTS preload lists (basically your browser can have a list of HTTPS websites baked into it, so it knows when to only use HTTPS before you even do), https://hstspreload.org/... Or we could just solve this problem with DNSSEC and DANE, which allows you to look up the TLS certificates that should be used for the domain in DNS.

That's probably more of a rant than you wanted 😅... But basically, HTTPS adoption is really good these days in the sense that most websites will have a TLS certificate available (probably from Let's Encrypt!), and will speak HTTPS. But, there's still areas where we can improve internet security. I'm not sure how the adoption of HSTS is going, but I think it's pretty low. DNSSEC adoption is abysmal and we should probably fix that.

The only place (other than old unmaintained sites) I’ve seen no TLS has been promotional sites for video games. Possibly something hastily thrown together?

To be more precise, my belief is that the main thing ECH does is make it more difficult some of the time (depending on the details of how the site works) for observers of network traffic to directly see which website you've visited if it's one of those that have chosen to give all that data to Cloudflare or some similar system instead.

There also do still exist some simple web hosting setups that share many independent domain names on the same IP, but I think it's not as common as it probably was when they first came up with the idea of encrypting the tls server name many years ago. Maybe it'll make a comeback for sites whose users need to avoid censorship in this way if it's true that domain fronting has generally become more difficult.

Using a VPN just hands all of this information to them instead. That could be an improvement, but how do you know?

Ordinary DNS requests are always plaintext and readable to anyone between you and the DNS server. So regardless of which DNS server you use, your ISP can see all your DNS lookups. For any amount of privacy for DNS, the minimum is something like DNS-over-TLS or DNS-over-HTTPS, the latter of which Firefox uses by default in some countries and supports everywhere.