I use Bazzite on a laptop, and it is permanently attached to a TV as its primary video output. You should not have to do anything with whitelisting; video out should just work as expected, besides maybe needing to manually select the audio output.
My suspicion is that there's some kind of extra data being pushed over the HDMI, since the Smart Board is more than just a monitor (mouse data, smart pens, etc.). The video driver is probably shitting itself after the "monitor" detection. I don't know for certain, but that's my guess.
I would start by asking in the ublue Discord. There may be an easy fix, or they may direct you to the project where you should file a bug report.