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The reaction between a shield and laser is completely random, not knowing wether you are going to vaporise a few molecules, an entire city or everything in between makes it very unreliable for warfare purposes.
And you'd probably find the whole Landsraad against you, as using atomics is outlawed. While a bomb like that isn't an atomic weapon by definition, the effects are the same and it stands to reason that they'll therefore still retaliate in full force.
The whole lasgun-shield interaction concept is one of the hand-wavy parts of Dune, kind of like the eagles in LOTR, or the ridiculously inaccurate laser blasters in Star Wars.
Shields in Dune are common defensive technology, which means that lasguns would almost certainly have to be outlawed altogether to prevent some random encounter from turning into nuclear apocalypse.
In the first movie, I think Villeneuve deals with it somewhat haphazardly. The use of a lasgun at the agricultural research station perhaps makes some sense because shields can't be used in the open desert without attracting worms. On the other hand, they show lasers being used at the first Battle of Arrakeen in close proximity to other ships that are shown to have active shields.
I'm pretty sure the answer is that building a lasgun and a shield is more expensive than building a nuke.
Like, the reason they don't use nukes in Dune isn't because they don't know how to make them, it's because if you ever use them you'll immediately unite the entire Landsraad against you. They have very strict rules against it. And creating a pseudo-nuke as you described still falls under the convention. So, sure, you can do it, but it's wasteful and pointless. Only reason to do it is if a lasgun and a shield is all you've got handy, and you're willing to become public enemy number one for the galaxy.