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the NES had some titles where there were two ROM banks where access to one of them were switched when a certain part of the game was reached. this had to do with the limited RAM of the system i believe. you could technically do this but hundreds and thousands of times.
technically, it would also be possible to increase the RAM capacity and make it emulator-only. it has been an emulator detection feature to try to access a memory adress outside of the possible capacity.
I thought the reason for switching was the storage limitations of a cartridge, not the console's RAM
Bank switching is necessary because the 6502 chip in the NES has a 16-bit address space, with the bottom 0x4019 (~16K) bytes being reserved for system use (RAM, PPU/APU features, and controller I/O). Cartridges therefore only had access to a ~48 KiB range of address space (although in practice I believe only the top 32K was typically used for ROM), so bank switching was needed to be able to fully access anything larger.
AFAIK, the contents of the cartridge was entirely loaded into RAM, so one bank of ROM chips needed to be a specific size. the cartridge of course gets much more expensive if you double the storage, so it wasn't done very often.
https://youtu.be/ZWQ0591PAxM they mention switching storage at 1:10.
Thanks for the correction and further detail. I was thinking of it in modern terms where the machine takes the info it needs as-and-when rather than storing everything on the cartridge.
Limits depend on the original hardware. For instance if the device uses 16 bit "addresses" to refer to locations in the cartridge storage and read a byte at a time, you'll only be able to make use of the first 2^16 bytes (64k) of storage regardless of how much extra data you throw in there. An emulator could in theory support extensions to get around that but then you're not really emulating the original hardware.
I am pretty sure the storage has no limit in software, only by the hardware used to make the games. It's the memory usage that's most limiting. Can only have so much stuff loaded at one time. There are some clever tricks and workarounds to this tho. Like swapping sprite sheets to increase enemy variety or swapping color on the fly to have more than 4 colors at once.
The ROMs themselves got larger over time as they started making larger capacity chips to store everything. If you simply wrote a ROM to be emulated without having to fit it on a physical cartridge, you could make it as big as the drive meant to hold it.
Nice video. Do you have an example of a ROM hack or homebrew that can't run on real hardware? The only limitations there is that you can't load it because you have limited access to run unofficial software.