Python

Personally I prefer functional architectures + callbacks (better) / closures (tolerable),they tend to scale a bit better.

If a a dog needs to eat, then invoke the eat function with dog data and the dog eat function.

Explicit (this data is dog so I feed it with the dog eat function) vs implicit (I have no idea, I ask my data to eat as it pleases).

Explicit design tends to have fewer bugs my conjecture. Protocols are a halfway point, at least you know “hey this thing eats … uh … something.”

However, if doing that, just take it all the way - systems are better explicitly linking a verb to a noun vs assuming the noun knows how to verb.

It is also easier to test and debug.