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Linux is a family of open source Unix-like operating systems based on the Linux kernel, an operating system kernel first released on September 17, 1991 by Linus Torvalds. Linux is typically packaged in a Linux distribution (or distro for short).
Distributions include the Linux kernel and supporting system software and libraries, many of which are provided by the GNU Project. Many Linux distributions use the word "Linux" in their name, but the Free Software Foundation uses the name GNU/Linux to emphasize the importance of GNU software, causing some controversy.
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I'm currently using a PinePhone Pro as my daily driver and if you want something to play around with that's definitely an option (though the PinePhone is probably a little more stable and less tinkery).
If you care less about it being a "free" phone built specifically for Linux and just want something that works, then rooting some older phone with good support will probably provide a better experience.
I am daily driving my PinePhone Pro running manjaro (Plasma Mobile) for about a year now. I can say, it is definitely daily driveable with some exeptions/limitations:
Other than that it is pretty much functioning as a real phone. Of curse there are not that many apps. Telegram works natively and flawless, but whatsapp needs to be used via Whatsapp Web. For syncing all my documents and files I use nextcloud which works without any problems (once set up)
There is also the non Pro Version of the PinePhone, which is much slower, but has a better camera software and longer battery life (and is cheaper)
GNU/Linux on Phones are far from Android, but we slowly getting there. So if you want a better experience, just buy a phone that can run a community Android distribution like LineageOS.
But if you are an advanced user and really want to use GNU/Linux on your phone, then I would recommend buying a PinePhone Pro + Pine keyboard (there is a bundle on their website). The keyboard is needed because it extends the battery life (without it the battery life is horrible) and compensates good swipe touch keyboard typing (we currently don't have a touch keyboard with swipe feature). I daily drive this phone on ArchLinux with Plasma Mobile and I satisfied with the result.
You have to find a phone that is compatible with open source Linux Phone OS. Most of the OS websites give a listing of what phone make/model works. FYI, almost all the Google Pixel phones work.
Here are a few I am keeping an eye on when my Pixel 4a/5G stops getting updates from Google...this year. /
LineageOS/ GrapheneOS/ CalyxOS/ e.foundation/
Youtube videos and other websites are good sources on how to install, etc.
You're talking about Android (Linux) phones, and not GNU/Linux as stated in the question.
LineageOS/ GrapheneOS/ CalyxOS/ e.foundation
Aren't all of those Android derivatives?
I think Ubuntu Touch, or postmarketOS would be more in line with what OP is asking.
Yes, they are Android derivities, but Android is basically Linux...runs off a linux kernel. If you want a pure linux system, I think there is a KDE platform for phones and Ubuntu (I think) but you can't run regular Android Apps, do banking, etc. You are more open source, but limited in certain areas.
pinephone. but i just use it for fiddling around as too much stuff does not work.
Phones that run mainline Linux are seldom. The only ones that come to my mind are PinePhone Pro (outdated hardware, 400 bucks) and Librem 5 (also outdated hardware, incredibly expensive 1300$ !). If you are serious get the PinePhone Pro. But expect pitfalls because you can't just run Android apps.
Nextcloud is still the best option for self hosted cloud services.
Because phone manufacturers don't open source their firmware, you probably won't be able to get Linux on an off-the-shelf phone. (Please someone correct me if I'm wrong).
Your best bet, if you want to go down thus route, is to get the PinePhone Pro. ~~It's relatively affordable.~~
Before you try anything, think hard about your relationship with your phone and what you expect from it. Does work require you have an app installed? What kind of apps do you use regularly? You won't have things like: CVS for meds, AA for flying, Steam for 2fa, Signal, Telegram, google maps, etc. Some you might be able to use their webapps, but the browser might be a bit sluggish because it's the full desktop version. Firefox isnt fully mobile friendly. Battery life won't be what you're used to. Linux on the phone is just like your regular Linux, so you'll have the stuff your used to from there, and you'll having calling, sms, mms, and voicemail.
I have the PinePhone and the Librem 5, but I still use my android.
There are a couple of phones that can run Linux. Oneplus 6 for an example. But most can't indeed. PostmarketOS has a list of devices that their distro works on.
I'm waiting for my preordered shiftphone 8 to be released. They promised to cooperate with custom rom devs and improve the experience compared to their current model the Shift6mq which already can run postmarketos.
Also Nextcloud is a fantastic alternative to google/microsoft/apple cloud.
Thank you for postmarketos. I had a look and it actually looks exactly like what I had in mind. They even have a community on lemmy at https://lemmv.ml/c/postmarketos I now have to check out the shiftphones and see if Linux supports apps like the banking apps, 2FA, etc. or if they can be emulated through some kind of Android laver. Otherwise it would have to be an Android OS without Google or a separate phone for those apps.
postmarketos is the most stable and matured mainline linux mobile os. For 2FA, banking apps and android apps in general there is waydroid ehich I already use on my fedora laptop.
Do you know how the performance of waydroid is on postmarketos?
Nope. Never had a linux phone and never tried postmarketos. But waydroid is pretty usable now.
Why would you want a Linux phone. Linux, especially on phones is insecure! Go with an Android phone
Why is it insecure? The only part about insecurity and Linux was only X11. We have Wayland now which is more secure than Android and Windows afaik.
People dislike my comment and providing no arguments. Here explained why Linux is insecure: https://twitter.com/DanielMicay/status/1180064036609826821 and https://madaidans-insecurities.github.io/linux.html
Twitter link is broken or smth can't see it. Its hard to trust this page, especially because I don't know what they mean with "data", which data do they mean? And especially because they never mentioned wayland I dont see this as the newest security analysis.
I don't want to say that Linux Desktop is secure, but I don't know how secure it is with wayland.
Generally the way you get the Software makes Linux in practice by accident more secure as no users manages to get insecure packages through official repositories or other sources except tarballs not from github. Even tho github can also be insecure but its still more security compared to an random .exe or unsecure Edge browser.